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(2004). Journal of American Academy of Psychoanalysis, 32:469-481

Violence: Innate or Acquired? A Survey and Some Opinions

Marco Bacciagaluppi, M.D.

Freud's psychoanalysis and Lorenz's ethology consider human aggressiveness to be innate. According to recent archaeological excavations and evolutionarry studies, human groups in the Upper Paleolithic and Early Neolithic were peaceful and cooperative. This culture was replaced ten thousand years ago by a predatory hierarchical structure, which is here viewed as a cultural variant.

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