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(1934). Psychoanalytic Quarterly, 3:339-362

The Problem of Constitution in Psychopathology

Gregory Zilboorg

Out of the state of open warfare or armed peace that existed between traditional psychopathology and psychoanalysis ever since the inception of the latter, there comes with increasing clarity the realization that the conflict between the two is more a result of mental attitude than of scientific observation.

Viewed historically there appears to be an uninterrupted continuity of thought all along the developmental pathway of psychopathology from Pinel and Esquirol through Carus, Griesinger and Charcot to Breuer and Freud. This continuity is a historical fact no matter how much the views of Pinel may be in contrast with those of Freud—a century after Philippe Pinel. However, a number of older mental attitudes continue to linger and infiltrate some of the newer discoveries and developments in psychopathology. To be sure, this is true not only of psychopathology, which is empirical rather than experimental; even in the strictly experimental sciences we find frequently an

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