(1973). The International Psycho-Analytical Library, 95:1-429. London: The Hogarth Press and the Institute of Psycho-Analysis.
|
Preface |
xi |
|
Acknowledgments |
xvii |
|
PART I: SECURITY,
ANXIETY, AND DISTRESS |
1 |
Prototypes of Human Sorrow |
3 |
|
Responses of young children to separation from
mother |
3 |
|
Conditions leading to intense responses |
6 |
|
Conditions mitigating the intensity of
responses |
16 |
|
Presence or absence of mother figure: a key
variable |
22 |
2 |
The Place of Separation and Loss in
Psychopathology |
25 |
|
Problem and perspective |
25 |
|
Separation anxiety and other forms of
anxiety |
30 |
|
A challenge for theory |
30 |
3 |
Behaviour with and without Mother:
Humans |
33 |
|
Naturalistic observations |
33 |
|
Experimental Studies |
39 |
|
Ontogeny of responses to separation |
52 |
4 |
Behaviour with and without Mother: Non-human
Primates |
57 |
|
Naturalistic observations |
57 |
|
Early experimental studies |
60 |
|
Further studies by Hinde and
Spencer-Booth |
69 |
|
PART II: AN
ETHOLOGICAL APPROACH TO HUMAN FEAR |
5 |
Basic Postulates in Theories of Anxiety and
Fear |
77 |
|
Anxiety allied to fear |
77 |
|
Models of motivation and their effects on
theory |
79 |
|
Puzzling phobia or natural fear |
83 |
6 |
Forms of Behaviour Indicative of Fear |
87 |
|
An empirical approach |
87 |
|
Withdrawal behaviour and attachment
behaviour |
89 |
|
Feeling afraid and its variants: feeling alarmed
and feeling anxious |
92 |
7 |
Situations that Arouse Fear in Humans |
96 |
|
A difficult field of study |
96 |
|
Fear-arousing situations: the first year |
99 |
|
Fear-arousing situations: the second and later
years |
105 |
|
Compound situations |
118 |
|
Fear behaviour and the development of
attachment |
119 |
8 |
Situations that Arouse Fear in Animals |
124 |
|
Natural clues to potential danger |
124 |
|
Fear behaviour of non-human primates |
127 |
|
Compound situations |
134 |
|
Fear, attack, and exploration |
136 |
9 |
Natural Clues to Danger and Safety |
138 |
|
Better safe than sorry |
138 |
|
Potential danger of being alone |
142 |
|
Potential safety of familiar companions and
environment |
146 |
|
Maintaining a stable relationship with the
familiar environment: a form of homeostasis |
148 |
10 |
Natural Clues, Cultural Clues, and the
Assessment of Danger |
151 |
|
Clues of three kinds |
151 |
|
Real danger: difficulties of assessment |
153 |
|
‘Imaginary’ dangers |
156 |
|
Cultural clues learnt from others |
158 |
|
Continuing role of the natural clues |
161 |
|
Behaviour in disaster |
166 |
11 |
Rationalization, Misattribution, and
Projection |
169 |
|
Difficulties in identifying situations that
arouse fear |
169 |
|
Misattribution and the role of
projection |
172 |
|
The case of Schreber: a re-examination |
174 |
12 |
Fear of Separation |
178 |
|
Hypotheses regarding its development |
178 |
|
Need for two terminologies |
182 |
|
PART III: INDIVIDUAL
DIFFERENCES IN SUSCEPTIBILITY TO FEAR: ANXIOUS
ATTACHMENT |
13 |
Some Variables responsible for ndividual
Differences |
187 |
|
Constitutional variables |
187 |
|
Experiences and processes that reduce
susceptibility to fear |
191 |
|
Experiences and processes that increase
susceptibility to fear |
196 |
14 |
Susceptibility to Fear and the Availability of
Attachment Figures |
201 |
|
Forecasting the availability of an attachment
figure |
201 |
|
Working models of attachment figures and of
self |
203 |
|
The role of experience in determining working
models |
207 |
|
A note on use of the terms ‘mature’ and ‘immature’ |
209 |
15 |
Anxious Attachment and Some Conditions that
Promote it |
211 |
|
‘Overdependency’ or anxious
attachment |
211 |
|
Anxious attachment of children reared without a
permanent mother figure |
215 |
|
Anxious attachment after a period of separation
or of daily substitute care |
220 |
|
Anxious attachment following threats of
abandonment or suicide |
226 |
16 |
‘Overdependency’ and the Theory of
Spoiling |
237 |
|
Some contrasting theories |
237 |
|
Studies of ‘overdependency’ and its
antecedents |
240 |
17 |
Anger, Anxiety, and Attachment |
245 |
|
Anger: a response to separation |
245 |
|
Anger: functional and dysfunctional |
246 |
|
Anger, ambivalence, and anxiety |
253 |
18 |
Anxious Attachment and the ‘Phobias’ of Childhood |
258 |
|
Phobia, pseudophobia, and anxiety state |
258 |
|
‘School phobia’ or school
refusal |
261 |
|
Two classical cases of childhood phobia: a
reappraisal |
283 |
|
Animal phobias in childhood |
289 |
19 |
Anxious Attachment and
‘Agoraphobia’ |
292 |
|
Symptomatology and theories of
‘agoraphobia’ |
292 |
|
Pathogenic patterns of family
interaction |
299 |
|
‘Agoraphobia’, bereavement, and
depression |
309 |
|
A note on response to treatment |
310 |
20 |
Omission, Suppression, and Falsification of
Family Context |
313 |
21 |
Secure Attachment and the Growth of
Self-reliance |
322 |
|
Personality development and family
experience |
322 |
|
Studies of adolescents and young adults |
328 |
|
Studies of young children |
350 |
|
Self-reliance and reliance on others |
359 |
22 |
Pathways for the Growth of Personality |
363 |
|
The nature of individual variation: alternative
models |
363 |
|
Developmental pathways and homeorhesis |
366 |
|
One person's pathway: some
determinants |
369 |
|
APPENDICES |
I |
Separation Anxiety: Review of Literature |
375 |
II |
Psychoanalysis and Evolution Theory |
399 |
III |
Problems of Terminology |
404 |
|
References |
409 |